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Bell Overall Performance Fuel Concerns Series: Biodiesel Primer - The Great Plus The
Bell Functionality Fuel Difficulties Sequence: Biodiesel Primer - The great Plus the BadEXECUTIVE SUMMARYBiodiesel (fats converted into fuel) has become a significant player from the fuels marketplace, with creation and use rising exponentially since the mid-to-late 2000s. Biodiesel blends supply environmental and operational gains for people, including improved cetane and lubricity, and reduce emissions. Biodiesel's most significant drawbacks are storage instability and gelling in cold weather conditions, which may change considerably depending on the form of oil from which the biodiesel was designed.What exactly is BIODIESEL?"Biodiesel" can be a excess fat which has been chemical altered as a result of a series of reactions, resulting in a chemical that will be burned inside a diesel engine as fuel in location of standard #2 diesel fuel.Contrary to the terms that happen to be thrown all around inside market and on World wide web message boards, the phrase "biodiesel" refers only to your real "FAME" chemical that final results through the chemical conversion of unwanted fat into fuel. The legal definition of biodiesel is "a long chain fatty acid ester made up of just one alcohol molecule on a single ester linkage". The acronym "FAME" stands for "fully alkylated methyl ester".Now some customers chat about putting directly raw vegetable oil or animal fat in their car or truck, referring to this apply as burning biodiesel fuel. Nevertheless, raw vegetable oil chemically is made up of 3 ester linkages (rather than just one) and for that reason is not legally defined as biodiesel. Raw vegetable has a unique viscosity than biodiesel or diesel fuel (as much as 10x much more), and burning it within a diesel engine leads to major time engine deposits, ring sticking and lube oil dilution. This really is real even when you just extend out your fuel by adding as very little as 10% raw oil. The chemical conversion that turns raw vegetable oil into biodiesel FAME reduces its viscosity to that of diesel fuel, enabling it to burn off like diesel does in the engine. Placing directly unconverted vegetable oil into your car or boat is a recipe for engine difficulties and catastrophe, no matter what these men and women say.The sole expression "biodiesel" normally refers towards the 100% FAME item. Pure biodiesel can also be known as B100 (100% biodiesel). When biodiesel is mixed with diesel fuel, you will get a "biodiesel blend" that is certainly designated as "Bxx", relating towards the proportion of biodiesel inside the general blend. B2, B5, B11 and B20 would be the hottest and usually identified blends. Blends previously mentioned 20% are significantly less frequently discovered due to the fact engine manufacturers usually do not warrant their engines to run on blends over 20% biodiesel. In the event you stay with B5 and that fuel is in specification, it can be illegal for an engine producer to not honor the warranty. B2 and B5 are incredibly frequently located in states which have a biodiesel mandate, such as Minnesota and Louisiana. Minnesota was the first state while in the Union to mandate state-wide blending of biodiesel into all of their diesel fuel, commencing in 2005.How do you MAKE BIODIESEL?The basic recipe for biodiesel is:a hundred units plant/animal oil + 20 units alcohol + catalyst ƒ one hundred models of FAME feed stock + ten units of recovered alcohol + ten units crude glycerin.Another way to produce biodiesel is to take one hundred lbs excess fat + ten lbs short-chain alcohol (like methanol) + a catalyst (sodium or potassium hydroxide) to get a hundred lbs of biodiesel (about 13.5 gallons) and 10 lbs of glycerin.These processes speak to why biodiesel production is relatively well-known - the ingredients are cheap and easy to find along with the reaction processes are simple. The catalyst for the reaction is sodium hydroxide, as well as the short-chain alcohol most normally used is methanol, both cheap and easy to find. The downside to all of it is it is actually also easy for the small-time "backyard" biodiesel producer to produce biodiesel that of "out-of-spec" if they are not careful within their processes. The consumer can avoid these problems by only buying their biodiesel blend fuel from reputable suppliers.Gains OF BIODIESEL USEBiodiesel blends offer some great positive aspects for shoppers:1. Higher cetaneB100 includes a higher cetane number than most traditional diesel fuels; high cetane rating means easier starting for diesel engines and is comparable to your octane rating of gasoline. The cetane increase varies by the sort of feed stock used to manufacture the biodiesel. Highly saturated fuels produced from animal fats (like leftover frying animal grease) can have higher cetane ratings as high as 70; polyunsaturated feed stocks (including soy and rape seed) are reduce, closer to a 47 cetane rating. Of course, this cetane increase is blunted by the proportion of the biodiesel mixed into the mix - a B5 only has 5% biodiesel in it, so the cetane increase is only 5% of what it would have been at B100.two. Low Sulfur ContentBiodiesel is naturally low sulfur, which makes it easy to incorporate into a fuel system without running afoul of the stringent ultra low sulfur diesel regulations, where sulfur content is capped at a mere 15 parts per million.3. Superior LubricityMixing biodiesel into ultra-low sulfur diesel solves one particular of ultra-low sulfur (ULSD) diesel's biggest difficulties - its lack of lubricity. Removing the sulfur from diesel fuel destroys many of the substances inside the fuel which enable it to lubricate engine parts like injectors and fuel pumps. But incorporating as very little as 2% biodiesel to a fuel blend gives 66% additional lubricity to #2 diesel than before.Having said that this lubricity increase isn't a linear a person, as the curve of added lubricity benefit to percent biodiesel levels off as the composition approaches just two.5%. So there is no additional benefit of added lubricity when comparing a B5 or a B20 to just a B2 mix.Still, 66% a lot more lubricity is really a wonderful benefit to have.4. Cleaner EmissionsThis is the biggest reason why cities and government entities have recently started to include more biodiesel within the fuel supplies for their municipal and transit fleets..Most large urban areas already fail EPA air standard qualities, placing them at risk of government action which could force them to adopt measures to improve air qualities or else lose federal monies. Taking action like switching to biodiesel blends can help meet these standards, and is also a excellent PR move, making the local government appear to be extra concerned about green difficulties.What emissions benefit does biodiesel use give? Based on the mix percentage, biodiesel combustion effects in lower emissions for most measured emissions related to hydrocarbon combustion. Unburned hydrocarbons and particulate emissions (the nasty black smoke you can see coming through the stacks of diesel big rigs) drops as much as 47-67% over directly diesel fuel alone.Biodiesel emissions have lower levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PACs) and other harmful carbon ring compounds than standard diesel fuel. A B20 mix will reduce those harmful compounds by 20-40%. This really is a very good thing mainly because PACs have been linked to causing cancer.NOx emissions are also targeted by the EPA simply because NOx contributes to ozone production and poor air quality in urban areas (ozone inside sky is good; ozone around the ground hurts your lungs). Biodiesel has a neutral to slightly negative effect on NOx emissions; on the other hand, these figures are in dispute by some groups like the National Biodiesel Board and so research is still ongoing.The story is diverse when you go from a truck or boat to burning biodiesel within a home heating boiler system. NOx does decrease when biodiesel is burned in boilers/home heating oil, due to burner differences. When blended into heating oil, NOx emissions are reduced by 1% for each 1% biodiesel mix added. This reduction happens it does not matter what kind of feed stock used to make it..Issues AND Drawbacks WTH BIODIESEL USEBiodiesel's environmental gains are blunted by its fuel-related challenges.1. Less BTU energy value than Diesel = A lot less MileageRelative to weight, the biodiesel FAME molecule has much less energy than a diesel hydrocarbon chain molecule. Significantly less energy and decrease heat of combustion outcomes in decrease mileage.How much this drop is depends on who you ask and sometimes is often overstated. B100 is made up of 8.5% less energy per gallon than diesel fuel. The biggest part of the energy difference is due to the FAME made up of 12% greater oxygen - far more oxygen as an alternative to carbon. When you factor in differences in density, this energy difference is reduced to 8.5%, apples to apples.Typical energy values for the two fuels are 118,170 BTU for B100 vs 129,050 BTU for #2 diesel. Even so, at decrease blending ratios like B20, the drop is not noticeable by most drivers, due to the fact 80% of the mix is now diesel fuel. So when using B20 or B5, you'll get some mileage drop, but it's not going to be around the order of ten or 20% like some claim.two. Cold Flow problemsThe cold flow properties of biodiesel blends are highly dependent on the feed stock from which the biodiesel was created. The level of saturation is the biggest factor here. Highly saturated feed stocks (palm oil, coconut oil, animal fats) have the worst cold flow properties but are the most stable. The opposite is real for polyunsaturated feed stocks (rape seed, corn, canola oil) - they gel much less in cold weather conditions but would be the most unstable.A typical B20 blend includes a gel point 3-10 degrees F higher than regular diesel. The cloud point for most B100 starts at 30-32 deg F for mono- and poly-unsaturated feed stocks (most vegetable oils) but could be as much as 80 deg F for animal fats and highly saturated frying oils. When the fuel hits the cloud point, it gets hazy and will start the chain-reaction processes for gelling.Also problematic is that the biodiesel pour point is only a few degrees lower than the cloud point. So when the fuel starts clouding up, it's going to gel up and turn out to be thick only a few degees below that. For example, soy FAME (pure B100) has a cloud point of 38 degrees F, CFPP of 28 and a pour point of 25 F. Other differences between cloud point and pour point are usually 8-10 degrees F total - not very much.If feasible, gelled biodiesel is usually restored by heating the fuel to dissolve the precipitated crystals. To get crystals back into solution, the fuel needs to be warmed back up to 100-110 deg F to melt quite possibly the most highly saturated crystals back into solution. Having said that this does not help you in the event you are stuck from the middle of nowhere with a tank full of gelled biodiesel.3. Materials CompatibilityThis is really only a problem in older engines which use older materials like nitrile rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl, or Tygon. The same is legitimate for older fuel storage systems. The average consumer with a far more contemporary car doesn't need to worry too much about it.For systems containing these materials, they are all susceptible to attack from B100, which may damage these materials used in hoses and pump seals.4. Enhanced NOx EmissionsAs mentioned before, biodiesel can increase NOx manufacturing in internal combustion engines, which is bad for urban air quality. Just how much this increase is can differ by feed stock; the difference in NOx emissions between high and low NOx feed stocks is about 15%.The composition of biodiesel determines how much NOx is produced. Additional highly unsaturated feed stocks produce higher NOx levels. Vegetable oil feed stocks are the most unsaturated and animals fats or tropical oils will be the least, so you would expect vegetable FAMEs like soy and canola to solution the worst results on NOx emissions.Why is this?Some past research has indicated that the enhanced NOx production is related to differences in injection rates into the combustion chamber caused by biodiesel's higher "bulk modulus" (resistance to compression) and higher viscosity, which makes it less compressible than regular diesel. Much more technically, the higher bulk modulus and higher speed of sounds of biodiesel means the pressure rises faster in the fuel lines and develops an advance of nearly two degrees in injection timing inside engine. This in turn generates a faster pressure and temperature rise in the combustion chamber, leading to an increase in NOx.It truly is apparent the best way to reduce NOx is by modification of engine technology. Retarding the engine timing by 1-5 degrees can bring B100 NOx down to diesel baselines or below. Unfortunately, the tradeoff for doing this is certainly a reduction in power for the driver.5. Effects on engine lubricationBiodiesel use seems to have a very negative effect around the engine lubrication. As proof, European engine companies prescribe a 50-70% reduction in oil drain intervals with the use of blends over B5. A practical reason for this might be that biodiesel's higher density and surface tension prospects to additional fuel dilution of the lubrication from the crankcase.So for those who use biodiesel and make a lot of short trips or drive in harsh or extreme conditions, it may be best to be extra careful in how often you change your oil. Most manufacturers recommend every 5,000 to 7,000 miles on regular fuel. Using biodiesel could mean you need to err around the reduce end of that scale.s6. Cleaning EffectsThe methyl esters in biodiesel have been used as low VOC (environmentally-friendly) cleaners for many year; they are excellent detergents. It is not normally a great thing when you introduce them into a dirty storage or truck/boat fuel tank.When to begin with added to a fuel system, B100 dissolves any sediments present within the fuel filter and fuel storage tank and can cause fuel filter clogging and bursting, leading to injector deposits.It can be recommended to clean tanks and fuel systems before to begin with introduction of B100 to a system. Luckily, B20 is too dilute to possess a similar cleaning effect. So the average consumer may not have to worry about this too much.7. Stability IssuesThe typical shelf life for B100 produced from soy or canola oil is about four to six months in ideal conditions. Ultimately, the working storage life of biodiesel (like diesel) is dependent upon the storage conditions.For biodiesel, cold flow properties and stability seem to be corollaries - biodiesel with very good cold flow response have poor stability and vice-versa. Biodiesel is susceptible to oxidation from exposure to air, water, light and certain metals. When it undergoes these reactions, it to begin with becomes hazy, and then forms a thick precipitate gel. Analysis of this gel shows that it truly is mostly created up of organic compounds that are directly produced by the "oxidative cleavage" of double-bonds inside the biodiesel molecule. In other words, oxygen-containing compounds (together with water) will chemically attack biodiesel and break it apart, producing a mixture of components that combine to produce biodiesel gel and sediment.What causes biodiesel breakdown?What kind of compounds can contribute to biodiesel instability and breakdown? Contact with air provides the oxygen necessary to fuel oxidation reactions that break the fuel down. Contact with water causes the biodiesel to hydrolyze and form organic acids, which are partly responsible for the compatibility complications with various rubbers. Contact with metals like tin and copper will degrade biodiesel and create sediments.Now one particular might think that these instability effects are lessened when you simply dilute biodiesel inside of a B20 or significantly less mix. But it is interesting to note that B100 does not produce sediments at the same rate that biodiesel blends like B5 and B20 will. This really is due to the fact B100's higher viscosity and greater concentration of chemical bonds act to disperse and suspend these oxidative compounds, preventing them from working together to accelerate the chain reactions that lead to sediment formation. So, as a general rule, B100 is a lot more stable than B20 and other biodiesel blends.When discussing biodiesel fuel stability, it's common to hear terms like Thermal Stability and Oxidative Stability. Thermal Stability refers on the fuel's ability to resist breakdown when exposed to heat for periods of time. B100 FAMEs tend to have superior thermal stability features, due for the feed stock use in common cooking applications. If thermal breakdown did occur, injector coking would be one of the most likely engine problem associated with the poor-quality fuel.Oxidative Stability is the fuel's ability to resist oxidation when exposed to factors like air, water, and certain metals. This can be the biggest weakness of biodiesel. A single reason for susceptibility to oxidation is that the processing of some of the feed stocks can remove natural antioxidants from your compound. Far more highly saturated feed stock seems to be far more resistant to this and have better oxidative stability.Occurrences of biodiesel oxidation are even higher in erratically-used engines, these as generators and seasonal vehicles. Biodiesel blends which are stored for very long periods of time accumulate water and are exposed to air and heat for long periods of time, and have the greatest chance of developing microbial contamination, which can produce further acids that accelerate fuel breakdown.Why is this bad for engines?Biodiesel which has long been oxidized in this manner does not burn up anywhere near as well as fresh biodiesel. Running this kind of fuel as a result of the engine gives poor combustion, leading to a drop in mileage. Due to the fact it does not combust cleanly, it will form deposits inside the injections and from the combustion chamber, and this poor combustion also contributes to excessive emissions, meaning that you're going to lose some or all of the green emissions benefit you were getting by switching to biodiesel inside initially place.In addition to oxidative compounds like aldehydes and ketones, formic acid, acetic acid, other organic acids, water and methanol are common products produced by fuel degradation. These end products of the oxidation process may be harmful to fuel injector equipment and can cause issues these as injector clogging, corrosion of FIE components, gelling at low temperatures, and fuel seal failure.COMPARISONS OF BIODIESEL FEED STOCKSIncrease demand and competition while in the market mean that men and women are making biodiesel from any feed stock they think could be suitable. As mentioned before, feed stocks give diverse characteristics for the biodiesel fuel, especially with respect to how stable they are and how well they resist gelling up in cold weather conditions.Saturated feed stocks have high stability and cetane ratings, but possess a high cloud point, meaning they gel up at higher temperatures. Coconut oil, yellow grease and animal fats are examples of saturated oilsMonounsaturated feed stocks are inside the middle of the pack, with medium stability characteristics, cetane rating and cloud point. Examples of these feed stocks are peanut oil and canola oil. Some yellow greases also fall into this category if they are high in both saturated and monounsaturated components..Polyunsaturated feed stocks are most vegetables oils like soybean, corn and safflower oils. Biodiesel produced from these oil have low cetane ratings and poor stability characteristics but are most resistant to gelling up in cold weather conditions.Intuitively one particular would think that distinctive climates across the nation would spur producers to make biodiesel from only the feed stocks that give the cold flow and stability characteristics that are most advantageous for that climate. Animal extra fat biodiesels should work best in climates like Florida (never gets cold but is always humid). Vegetable oil biodiesels (less stable; better cold overall performance) should be preferred from the northern climates, whether it isn't as humid (better storage conditions) but tends to get colder.Nonetheless, the market will often dictate what a producer will use to make fuel, and that means low price and availability are the bigger concerns. That's legitimate around the world, where different countries make biodiesel from what's available to them. In Canada, they use fish oil and beef tallow. Palm oil is frequently used in tropical countries like Ecuador and Indonesia. In Europe, rapeseed is kind. Everyone uses what works for them.BIODIESEL SPECIFICATIONSOnly biodiesel FAME that meets all of the specification set down in ASTM D-6751 can legally be sold as "biodiesel". It really is legally assumed that if the FAME meets specification along with the diesel fuel meets ASTM D-975 specifications, then any biodiesel mix built from those fuels will be in spec. The biodiesel specification ensures that the fuel meets minimum requirements for properties like Flash Point (ensures that it burns properly in the engine), Acid Number (ensures the fuel has become properly produced and isn't already becoming unstable) and Free Glycerin (ensures all the waste glycerin has become washed from the fuel). The ASTM specification includes these and about ten other properties. If the biodiesel is properly made, it will meet all these standards. If not, then it brings the potential for engine and efficiency complications for the consumer. As a consumer, buying your fuel from reputable suppliers will ensure your fuel meets this specification and won't give you any difficulties..CONCLUSIONBiodiesel blends offer helpful added benefits to buyers who are willing and able to side-step the challenges associated with it. Many of these challenges is usually blunted by treating the fuel with an aftermarket products, of which there are many. As a consumer, you should expect many years of long-life from your equipment running on biodiesel.
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