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FOREST ROAD CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION:
Forest engineering is an aspect of forestry which deals with the construction of bridges and roads and maintenance of infrastructures used in forestry operations.
Forest road consists of network of routes major and minor which are constructed to link forest estate to the main road. This road connects the most remote parts of the forest to existing township, city and state roads and highways.
Road construction is very essential in forestry and wildlife so as to get access to the forest and park.
REASONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF FOREST ROADS
- For monitoring and control of fire outbreaks or hazards.
- To provide access to forest lands for effective logging improvement.
- For hunting and variety of recreational activities depends on road access.
- For proper monitoring of poachers and illegal loggers.
TYPES OF FOREST ROAD
(1) TEMPORARY ROADS: - These are minimum standard roads designed for short term use during a specific project such as timber harvest; many of these temporary roads are little more than a bladed lane pushed into the harvest site. the use of this roads are limited to dry season to minimize rutting and compaction.
PERMANENT ROADS:- These are long-term use roads they include:
ALL SEASON ROAD:- Roads designed for all year long usually of higher engineering standards among other forest roads.
SEASON ROADS:- Roads designed for long term periodic use, such as during dry period, usually built to lower engineering standards and have minimal material surfacing.
Certain factors affect forest road construction and are generally grouped into two major factors namely:
(1) GEOMETRIC FACTORS:- This includes:
(a) Road alignment: The line of location of the road, or line along which the road is constructed or surveyed.
(b) Width of the road:- The wideness of the road.
(c) Soil grade:- The stability of the road with respect to its physical properties.
(d) Slight distance: The minimum distance between two vehicles moving in opposite direction without collision.
(e) Curves, slopes and gradient of soil.
(2) STRUCTURAL FACTORS:- These are usually measured in terms of terrain and the terrains used for forest road construction include:
(a) Steep terrain of slope > 60%
(b) Mountain terrain of slope between 30% - 60%
(c) Rolling terrain of slope between 10% - 30%
(d) Level ground terrain of slope < 10%
(e) Swampy terrain if temporarily or permanently water logged.
FOREST ROAD CONSTRUCTION STRATEGIES
These are the specific actions and standards that leads to achieving forest road goals and objectives. They includes:
(1) Timing:- Forest roads must be constructed during the time of year when the best results can be achieved with the least damage to the environment.
Grubbing: The removal stumps and protruding objects and should be done only when the threat of erosion from the disturbed area is minimal.
Grading:- (excavation and creation of road bench) should be done only at dry seasons.
(2) Avoid poor sub grade and surfacing.
(3) Avoid locating road in or adjacent to SMZS stream side management zones, and where water tends to collect.
(4) Avoid alternation of natural slope as possible.
Engineering equipments used in road construction include Bulldozer, shovel, Roller, Grader, Bucket, Loader and tipper. E.t.c
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF FOREST ROAD CONSTRUCTION
- To construct roads according to plans and design, specifications and using the best management practice for road construction.
- To protect water quality, aquatic habitat and other natural resources.
- To minimize soil disturbance and impact to terrestrial wildlife habitat.
STEPS INVOLVED IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION
- A reconnaissance survey is carried out to determine the area the road would follow.
- A survey [measurement] is carried out and a map is produced.
- Road construction begins by first felling the trees along the road path.
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